Lean people with a high body fat content have a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases like diabetes.
Lean people with a high body fat content have a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases like diabetes.
You can now have your body fat measured as quickly as under a minute, using a device at the clinic, gym or at home. This device, which looks like a weighing scale, taps on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) just like the machines in hospitals do.
Stand barefoot on the metallic plates of a scale and a few numbers will pop up on a screen, including the volume and percentage of fat that fills your body. It is fast, easy and painless.
Knowing how much body fat you have can help you assess your health risks – even if you think you are not obese. Dr Derek Koh, head of Thomson Lifestyle Centre, said: “It is the fat, and not the weight, that leads to morbidities.” A diagnosis of obesity that is due to increased body fat can prompt investigations for problems such as high blood pressure or blood sugar levels, he said.
WHAT’S THE HEALTHY BODY FAT RANGE?
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, 10 to 22 per cent of body fat for men, and 20 to 32 per cent of body fat for women are considered satisfactory for good health.
Obesity raises a person’s risk of diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Dr Koh said studies have shown that health risks rise with an increase in body fat, especially visceral (organ) fat.
Visceral fat – the fat surrounding the liver and other abdominal organs – is of particular concern because it is biologically active.
According to the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Massachusetts, visceral fat releases fatty acids, inflammatory agents and hormones that lead to higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and blood pressure.
Dr Sonali Ganguly, a consultant at the Singapore General Hospital’s (SGH) department of endocrinology, said: “Asians tend to accumulate more intra-abdominal (visceral) adipose tissue – the ‘harmful’ fat that places them at a higher risk of metabolic diseases.”
CAN YOU BE SKINNY BUT FAT?
Dr Asim Shabbir, the director and senior consultant at the National University Hospital’s (NUH) Centre for Obesity Management and Surgery, said our bodies are made up of muscle, bone, fat and water.
But the ratio of fat to muscle and the sites of deposition of fat differ from person to person. A person with a normal weight can have a high percentage of fat mass and a low amount of muscle mass, which results in the term ‘skinny fat’, he said. This is also known as normal weight obesity.
The centre has seen people with a healthy weight but who have metabolic diseases like diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, he added. Data on the number of people here who are ‘skinny fat’ is not available but the figure could be higher than expected.
Dr Koh said: “I see patients with normal weight obesity daily. It is first suspected when I notice that they have a prominent waistline. It is confirmed when they do the BIA test. These patients have a higher risk of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. As a result of these morbidities, they also have a higher risk of heart disease.”
Dr Ganguly agreed that “there are indeed many people in Singapore who look lean but are viscerally obese.” This means that although they look lean, they have a high body fat content. They are known as metabolically obese but normal weight (MONW) individuals.
Though they have a normal body mass index (BMI), they are predisposed to metabolic complications. Dr George Goh, a consultant at SGH’s department of gastroenterology and hepatology, said there are few studies on how fatty liver can impact the skinny-fat phenotype.
But it is a bi-directional relationship, he said. “Those who are metabolically obese but with normal weight would be considered to have a metabolic dysfunction. And this metabolic dysfunction, which includes insulin resistance, would lead to or exacerbate non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This would contribute to the further worsening of metabolic dysfunction or insulin resistance.”
Dr Goh said the Duke-NUS Medical School and SGH jointly analysed the relationship between diabetes, BMI and NAFLD cirrhosis- related deaths in a study published in Liver International in February. It was based on the Singapore Chinese Health Study, which covered more than 60,000 people in Singapore.
He said: “Our study suggested that the effect of diabetes on the risk of severe liver disease may be more severe in lean populations.”
BODY FAT VS BMI
Until now, BMI is used to classify people as overweight or obese, though body fat can also be hidden, without causing a high BMI. It does not directly assess body fat, so a muscular person can have a high BMI but not a lot of fat.
Experts said the danger is that ‘skinny fat’ individuals may presume they are healthy because they do not have a high BMI.
Dr Koh said: “Body fat would be the best measurement to assess health risks that come with weight, as it is the fat that relates to the risk and not the weight.”
Dr Shabbir said BMI is a simple annotation of the percentage of fat in a person’s body, but without detailing its location. Most studies suggest a waist circumference of over 80cm in women and over 90cm in men for Asians when it comes to the risk of developing metabolic diseases. “This is why simple techniques like measuring the skinfold and waist circumference should not be rejected because they may appear unsophisticated,” he added. “They are simple, easy and quick to do, and a highly informative assessment of fatness.”
The more common method is to use BIA to calculate body composition. This is a convenient way, but it has limitations. For example, the amount of water mass in tissues can skew the readings.
YOUR WAISTLINE MATTERS
People with BMI scores above 23 and a generous waistline – more than 102cm for men, and 88cm for women – are more likely to have elevated levels of body fat, said Dr Koh.
Dr Ganguly advised normal-BMI people with a high body fat percentage or a family history of cardio-metabolic disease to measure their waist circumference. They should have their body fat measured and they should also go for blood tests to check for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or fatty liver, she added.
Dr Shabbir said that people with more visceral fat have a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases, but this is not the only aberration. Factors like environment, stress and eating behaviour can be modified easily to help alter disease processes, he added.
